Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A Reflection

Abraham Maslow, a popular psychologist during 1950's to 1970's has developed a model on how people could test their personality, based on their needs as an individual. This is called ‘Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs'. The model is illustrated as a triangle. The base of the triangle, which is the biggest, is the Psychological Need. Since this is the base of the triangle and the biggest, Maslow interpreted this as the individual’s basic needs. Most of the things that Maslow included in this area are the health and medical needs of an individual. These things are some of the things the individual cannot live without, examples are: oxygen, sleep, physical activities, water and rest. Following the psychological need is the Safety and Security Need, which takes up the second level of the triangle. As the individual fulfills his psychological need, he will seek for order and security. Perhaps, he will seek for a secured job so that he could continually fulfill his psychological needs, or look for a shelter or community where he could find safety and serenity. These are some examples of Safety and Security needs. The third level of the triangle is the Love and Belongingness Need. The famous quote ‘no one is an island', best describes this need. Next level in Maslow's model is the need for self-esteem. This need could come from the people surrounding the individual or from himself alone. The last level of the triangle is the Self-Actualization. The last level of the model according to Maslow is a little bit different among the four needs mentioned earlier. Self-actualization happens when the individual finally fulfilled the four needs. In layman's term, self-actualization could also mean ‘contentment or fulfillment'. However, though many psychologists and many practitioners are using Maslow's model, there are some questionable issues as he explained his model. First issue is that, not all individual needs to fulfill the four needs before he can have self-actualization. For example, some individuals are already successful in their respective fields by living alone. Some of these people do not need love and belongingness; in fact, they see love and belongingness as hindrance to whatever they want to achieve in life. Some people are achievers without partners in life or without even a family. Second issue is that, psychological needs encompass almost all of the needs mentioned in his model. In fact, it would be proper for Maslow to name the first level of his model as ‘Basic Needs' instead of psychological needs.

Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary

Chapter 17 Vocab * Acid deposition- the settling of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface. * Acid rain- Acid deposition that takes place through rain. * Aerosols- very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere. * Air pollutant- gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms. * Air pollution- the act of pollution the air, or the condition of being polluted by air pollutants. Ambient air pollution- see outdoor pollution * Atmospheric pressure- the weight per unit area produced by a column of air * Carbon monoxide- a colorless, odorless gas produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel. * CFC’s- chlorofluorocarbon. One of a group of human-made organic compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine, bromine, fluorine. Clean Air Act of 1970- revision of prior congressional legislation to control ai r pollution that set stricter standards for air quality, imposed limits on emissions from new stationary and mobile sources, provided new funds for pollution-control research and enabled citizens to sue parties violating the standards. * Clean Air Act of 1990- congressional legislation that strengthened regulations pertaining to air quality standards, auto emissions, toxic air pollution, acid deposition, and depletion of the ozone layer, while also introducing market-based incentives to reduce pollution. Cold front- the boundary where a mass of cold air displaces a mass of warmer air. * Convective circulation- a circular current driven by temperature differences * Coriolis effect-The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere. Criteria pollutant- six air pollutants- carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate m atter, and lead- for which the Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum allowable concentrations in ambient outdoor air because of the threats they pose to human health. * Ferrel cell-An atmospheric cell lying between the two thermally direct cells: the Polar cell and the Hadley cell. It transfers warm air to high latitudes and shifts cold air back to the subtropics, where it is warmed. Front- the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture. * Ground level ozone- see tropospheric ozone. * Hadley cell- A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes. * Halocarbons- A chlorofluorocarbon or other compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens. * Inversion layer- in a temperature inversion, the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude. Montreal Protocol- he Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. * Nitrogen dioxide- a foul-smelling reddish brown gas that contributes to smog and acid deposition. * Outdoor pollution-air pollution that occurs outdoors Ozone depleting substances- airborne chemicals that destroy ozone molecules and thin the ozone layer * Ozone hole- thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica. * Ozone layer- a portion of the stratosphere that contains most of the ozone * Particulate matter- solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere and able to damage respiratory tissues when inhaled. * Photochemical smog- air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. Polar cell- one of a pair of cells of convecti ve circulation. * Primary pollutant- directly harmful * Relative humidity-the ratio of the water vapor contained in a given volume of air to the maximum amount the air could contain for a given temperature * Residence time- in a biogeochemical cycle, the amount of time a nutrient remains in a given pool or reservoir before moving to another * Secondary pollutant- added to the atmosphere Sick building syndrome- a building-related illness produced by indoor pollution in which the specific cause is not identifiable. * Stratosphere- the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere * Temperature inversion- an abnormal increase in temperature with height in the troposphere * Troposphere- the bottommost layer of the atmosphere * VOCs- volatile organic compound

Mt. Rushmore

Katie Gerard English Comp I Mrs. Hynek Descriptive Research 5 October 2012 Mount Rushmore: the History Ever since Mount Rushmore was created it has been and iconic symbol because of its beauty, magnificent and especially its history. Mount Rushmore is a shrine of democracy, a monument and memorial to the birth of America. Mount Rushmore is a symbol of the nation through the greatness of its leaders. The magnificent sculpture depicts the faces of four American presidents who symbolize this nation’s history, rugged determination and long-lasting achievements.According to an episode of Modern Marvels: Mount Rushmore, Doane Robinson, South Dakota’s state historian, wanted a way to attract tourism to the Black Hills in the early 1920s. Robinson came up with the idea to sculpt â€Å"the Needles. † â€Å"The Needles† were ancient stone structures, made of granite, almost impossible to carve, but Robinson was not turned away. The needles were not an option so he c hoose Mount Rushmore, which were near â€Å"The Needles. † All he knew was that he needed to recruit an artist who loved a challenge.He recruited Gutzon Borglum, world renowned stone sculpture, who, according to Howard Shaff, co-writer of his biography Six Wars at a Time, â€Å"was always looking for new worlds to conquer† (Modern Marvels). At this time Borglum was carving â€Å"Stone Mountain† in Atlanta, GA, but the project was stopped, because of his temper, and he needed a new project to restore his reputation. In 1925 Borglum and his son, Lincoln, explored the Black Hills for a carving site.This is where he stumbled upon Mount Rushmore and â€Å"envisioned the ultimate American monument† (Modern Marvels). Mount Rushmore was solid granite, like â€Å"the Needles† and riddled with cracks, but this did not turn Borglum away. He stated â€Å"American history shall march along this skyline† (Modern Marvels). Borglum convinced Robison not to sculpt western folk heroes and to instead sculpt four American presidents, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt, who all â€Å"symbolized the evolution of American spirit† (Modern Marvels).He choose Washington because he was the father of our country and led the fight for freedom; Jefferson because he wrote the Declaration of Independence and had the vision of a growing nation, which inspired the Louisiana Purchase; Lincoln, the great emancipator, who served â€Å"the union of states in its darkest hour;† and choose Roosevelt because he was a spirited individualist who defined 20th century America and was an old friend of Borglum (Modern Marvels). It took Borglum two years, the funds, and a president to get the project started.In 1927 President Calvin Coolidge took a trip to South Dakota; this was Borglum’s opportunity to secure official federal recognition and raise the much needed funds. To impress Coolidge, South Dakota Governor William Bulow made a hunting lodge available and named it Summer White House. He also renamed a local stream, â€Å"Grace Coolidge Creek,† and stocked it with prize winning fish. It all worked, Coolidge loosened up and â€Å"Borglum gave Coolidge Mount Rushmore Fever† (Modern Marvels). 1000 people showed up to watch Coolidge and the Secret Service declare work on Mount Rushmore; this event took place August 10 1927.Work began that October. In 1929, during the last days of Coolidge’s presidency, he signed the legislation which granted the Mount Rushmore project $250,000 in federal funds (Modern Marvels). Borglum first started with miniature models of each president, which he held in the sun to see how they would reflect. Then he made a 1:12 model of Mount Rushmore out of plaster. He used the 1:12 ratio so the measurement could be converted to feet easily. This model was then carried up to the mountain and he and his 400 workers used the pointing techniq ue, an ancient Greek method, to transfer the model onto the mountain.Pointing consisted of an angle and two measurements, one measurement on the top of the studio model and the other on the actual carving, and then he placed a vertical axis. It was like a giant propeller on each head. They took the measurement of each angle, distance from the axis, and distance from the top the workers who were called â€Å"pointers,† (which was Borglum son in this case), found the spot where drilling or blasting happened (People & Events: Carving the Mountain). Over the years, Mount Rushmore began to take shape.Borglum had to constantly change his design due to the shape of the granite. To extract the rock, workers used the â€Å"Honey Combing† technique, which involved making small holes in the rock where dynamite could fit to remove up to six inches of rock (People & Events: Carving the Mountain). Workers also used channel irons, jack hammers with a four star bit, and pneumatic devi ces to shape and smooth the faces. According to Glen Bradford, a Mount Rushmore worker, â€Å"you had to be one tough person to hold that jackhammer all day, while dangling in the air† (Modern Marvels).The workers had a hard time visualizing what they were making while working so close to it so Borglum made five foot models of each head and hung them below the workers so they could see and feel what they were doing. According to Orville Worman, another Mount Rushmore worker, Lincoln Borglum, Borglum’s son, didn’t get any credit for all the work he did. He hired all the workers and most of the time was the project manager because his father was gone for months at a time (Modern Marvels). When the depression hit, it caused the work to slow down.Shaff said that Borglum â€Å"could not understand how money could put a limit on his dream,† (Modern Marvels) and with the dwindling funds and the depression, Borglum’s temper was uncontrollable. But Borglum was not giving up; he used Roosevelt’s plan of bringing America back as a springboard to keep the project going. He used films to show the nation each stage and keep the public and politicians informed. Borglum had many other dreams for the monument like a timeline of American events and a â€Å"Hall of Fame† behind Lincoln’s head. Congress wanted it done and the hall project cancelled when Borglum passed away in 1941.The partial tunnel is still there and it shows the hard work of everyone (Modern Marvels). After Borglum’s death, there was no chief for the project World War II was declared, and Congress wanted all work to stop on Mount Rushmore. His son closed up shop. After 14 years of work, Mount Rushmore was an unfinished dream of one man’s conception and beliefs of America’s evolution. It was a piece of art done by the â€Å"Work of a dreamer, inspired by dreamers, [which included] the sacrifice of many, and celebrated the promise for A merica† (Modern Marvels).The shrine of democracy is visited by 2. 5 million people every year (Mount Rushmore National Memorial). Some people visit to relive the memory of watching it being carved and some visit on a patriotic adventure of America, and when leaving people cannot forget the beauty, magnificence, and history of Mount Rushmore. It â€Å"has become one of the most iconic images of America and an international tourist attraction† (Mount Rushmore). Bibliography Modern Marvels: Mount Rushmore. Dir. Jeff Scheftel. Perf. Harlan Saperstein, William O. Farber, James Popovich, Howard Shaff, and Dan Wenk.History Channel, 1996. TV â€Å"Mount Rushmore. † History. com. A&E Television Networks, n. d. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"People & Events: Carving the Mountain. † PBS. PBS, 1999. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Mount Rushmore National Memorial. † Mount Rushmore Info, Directory Information for Vacationers at Mt. Rushmore. SD Web Traveler, Inc. , 12 Ju ne 2012. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. .

The Grand Theory Of Care And Its Using In Patient Care Essay

The Grand Theory Of Care And Its Using In Patient Care - Essay Example In the core circle is the patient who is under the nursing care and receiving treatments within the treatment center. Due to her independence and liberty, the core sets his or her personal goals and thus behaves in line with such goals. According to McCrae (227), patients are made of different overlapping parts that are brought together into one common aspect by the attitude, skills, and experience of nurses. The personality of the patient defined the approach adopted by the nurses in caring for them as attitude play an important role in the process of caring for patients generally. The pathologic state determined the treatment approach adopted and the number of healthcare professionals engaged in the process of providing the same (McCrae 225). McCrae also attributed proper services such as bathing, toileting, moving, dressing and undressing among others are all included in the caring role of nurses in this theory. Whenever the core is not in a place to provide care to them, it is incumbent upon the nurses to provide the same through closeness and interpersonal relationship that eliminates the feeling of loneliness. McCrae (222), approaches the 3C theory from its three major concepts which are care, core, and cure whose interaction ensure that a patient’s medical state is improved. As has been noted, the nurses must endeavor to improve the care process for the overlapping to be complete and the theory to work fully. Apart from the care part of the theory, there are also the core and the cure that is needed and applied in the process of caring for the patient and improving their physical and mental states. The core element of the theory is multidisciplinary and shared among different health professionals within the care center. Bjork (2336) states that despite the comfort provided by the nurse through the care circle, the psychological and physical being of the same person is enhanced to aptly respond to  medication and the treatment provided.

Topic in Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Topic in Instruction - Essay Example In order to do this kind of advertising practices cowgirl has to link their company website to the mentioned search engines. The behavior of consumer is changing rapidly in this modern era of globalization. After the Second World War due to globalization the attraction of people is changing towards the advanced technology. Moreover by the website advertising strategy company can target a mass number of customers. This strategy will lower the advertising cost of the products of cowgirl chocolate as the company has to invest lees in this total page of commercial than the print media marketing (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010, p.153). The real fact is that many customers are linked by the internet while the readers of magazines are in limited numbers. In terms of product packaging strategy, company need not look for the creativity or artistic to pack the products. The quality of food product can do the appropriate market segmentation. Cowgirl chocolate should look for the suppliers who will supply the packaging raw material at a lower price. These two aspects can increase the profitability of the organization. Demand-based Pricing The major competency of cowgirl chocolate is that they launched chocolate products with a kick of little spiciness. Moreover the strategy will help cowgirl chocolate to expand their business market by creating various products that can attract the people of both old and new generation. It has seen from the case that their specialty regarding all the food products is on the top but people tend to buy the low price chocolate products than the expensive one. Due to different pricing of different products, customer can actually go for the better priced product. The new products like sweet chocolates are being used to appeal people to buy the products. As a result people can go for the sweet chocolates than the others due to variety of price level. When a product has higher demand then it is easy to decide when and how to increase the price of the product but when a product’s demand is decreasing then it is a tough task to do the pricing of that particular product (Stretton, 1999, p.153). They can take some strategies like customer feedback which can help cowgirl chocolates to do the market segmentation and the pricing strategies. Competition-based Pricing There are very few chocolate companies who are competitor of cowgirl chocolate. Cowgirl chocolate competes with the competitors to achieve the self-space at various retail outlets. In order to discuss the merits of competition-based pricing it is very much necessary to find who the competitors of the company are and what are the competitive advantages the company has? The advantage as well as the limitation of cowgirl chocolate has the pricing strategy due to various product lines. Cowgirl chocolate is facing the major competition from the sweet chocolate producing companies. The competitive advantages of cowgirl chocolate are attractive packaging and exceptional ta ste of products. Answer 2 Merlyn took an attempt to place her chocolates in the retail houses and got success by this attempt. However, the problem arises when cowgirl chocolate was unable to cut down the operational cost. As per as pricing, Cowgirl chocolate may consider four pricing strategies such as Promotional Pricing, Demand-based Pricing, Premium Pricing and Price lining. Cowgirl chocolate has adopted demand based pricing strategy as per different products. They

Law - Workplace Deviance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law - Workplace Deviance - Essay Example It is no longer unusual to see an employee making personal calls in an office setting, intentionally going slow on work, using office resources such as internet to chat with friend on the social media and even sabotaging the seniors in an organizational setting. The aforementioned behaviors perfectly fit Anwar et al. (2010) definition of deviance as they threaten the organizational order. A quick scan on the term â€Å"Production Deviance† with the help of Google search engine reveals millions of hits and there are numerous credible sites that are viably of help in my project. There are at least ten credible journals and articles available to help me satisfy the minimum articles requirements to be reviewed, analyzed, and reported for the purpose of this literature review project. Summary of articles Appelbaum et al (2005) in their article â€Å"The relationship of ethical climate to deviant workplace behavior† delves into the causes and implications of how the ethical c limate within an organization in due course affects the occurrence of workplace deviance. Their research evaluates issues of ethical contexts and climates within organizations and their possible implications in the daily work lives of participants, the causes of unethical behavior, which include but not limited to; presence of behaviors antagonistic to organizational norms, internal environment of the organization, and commitment of an organization in fostering friendly work environment among others. Their research investigates current trends in preventing workplace deviance and further recommends future researches on these trendy workplace behaviors. Dunlop and Kibeom (2004) researches on the effect of workplace deviance behaviors and organizational citizenship behavior on the overall organizational performance - they analyzes the influence of organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviant behavior on the performance of business units, the research also analyses the cont agiousness of WDB and OCB. From their research, they conclude that there is indeed a very strong correlation between the business unit performance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Workplace Deviance Behaviors. In a weighing balance, Workplace Deviant Behaviors have a significantly higher negative impact on the overall business unit performance as compared to the negative impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Does gender play a part in workplace deviance? Anwar et al (2011) delved into the likely relationship between workplace deviant behaviors and gender, and if there is any difference between organizational deviance and interpersonal deviance. Their research yielded that male staffs in their university expressed workplace deviance behaviors more than their female counterparts, and those incidences of organizational deviance was higher than incidences of interpersonal deviance behaviors. Literature Review Introduction In the modern era, managing generation Y employ ees has become one of the greatest challenges to both for profit and non-profit organization. Levels of workplace deviance are on the increase and greatly do have a direct negative impact on the overall organization performance. Robinson and Bennet (2000) define workplace deviance

Business statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business - Statistics Project Example In order to test the hypothesis, the significance level chosen was 0.05 while for constructing confidence interval a 95% confidence level was chosen. The data gathered through random sampling is attached in the Appendix. Since the sample size is large the independent sample t test was conducted for hypothesis testing assuming equal variances. The results showed that that the sample represented the population in a true manner while the hypothesis testing provided that there is no significant difference between male and female students in the IQ levels. The correlation between intelligence and gender has passed through several distinct phases. During the 19th century, when general adult suffrage was a social and political issue in some parts of the world, intelligence and gender was considered a topic of great interest for studying. Since, many proposed it as a requirement for allowing of suffrage that both male and female should have equal level of intelligence. Moreover, historically women were not allowed to excel in academics and were kept within the houses to perform domestic chores. The topic had remained under investigation since ages due to the social differences that prevailed between male and female and so has been incorporated in the study. Explorations on biological gender differences within the context of human psychology attempt to investigate the behavioral and cognitive differences between males and females. Such research makes use of experimental testing of cognition in diverse forms. These tests are based on the potential differences that may exist in areas like spatial reasoning, IQ, spatial reasoning, emotion, aggression, brain structure and its operation. Amongst the investigators around the world, it has always remained a challenging aspect whether intelligence has any correlation with gender differences. While investigating the differences of level of intelligence amongst

The Greater Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Greater Good - Essay Example Leaders have the greatest responsibility to ensure that the whole society benefits from their leadership more than they benefit themselves. A good leader is the one who believes that leadership is an individual decision and sacrifice to dedicate their time, as well as their energy to bring benefits not to themselves, but to the needs of other people. The greatest problems in the society have been overcome by leaders who have been able to cause a greater good (Burnes, 2012). In doing this, they have been able to bring the society together to share in a common commitment, that is of good to every one. Leaders can achieve a greater good, by ensuring that they always put the needs of their followers first before their own needs. This means that even sometimes sacrificing their ambitions for the sake of the society. To foster greater good, the leaders in any society have to practice ethical leadership. This is where the leaders are mindful of others rights and dignity. Since leaders have social power at their disposal, they always have to ensure that they use this power to make decisions that are beneficial to their followers (Hauser, 2012). Such leaders usually have high level of integrity. Such leaders are always aware that their decisions have great impact to other people, they always ensure that their decision serve the greater good instead of their individual good. In doing this, the leaders ensure that they influence their followers positively by ensuring that their behaviors, as well as characteristics are an encouragement to their admirers. Their followers copy the good behaviors of their leaders, something which have positive effect on the whole society. Leaders can also foster greater good by ensuring that they are servant leaders. This can be achieved by the leaders ensuring that they listen to the views of those that they lead, as well as being sincerer with them. This makes the people under them to freely share their ideas as

Summaries of Five Lectures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summaries of Five Lectures - Research Paper Example Often companies overlook the actual cause by focusing on the tip of the iceberg. At this stage, companies also decide whether to undertake exploratory (exploring the motivations of consumers), descriptive (answering questions such as what, where, when, how) or causal (establishing cause-effect relationships in consumer’s behavior) research. Next, a plan is formulated which is implemented by collecting either primary or secondary data is the desired manner. There are two main types of research: qualitative (comprising of focus groups, observations and third-person techniques) and quantitative. Primarily, companies engage in research by employing the four core media; that is, telephone, internet, mail and face-to-face conversations. For instance, Pepsi conducted a blind-taste test (known as Pepsi Challenge) where consumers were told to taste two cups (one with Pepsi one with Coke). The results revealed that Pepsi was the popular choice amongst Americans. Lecture 3 discusses the three core steps of marketing namely segmentation, targeting and positioning. Segmentation refers to grouping the population into categories based on common characteristics pertaining to behavior, psychographic elements or profile of customers. Segmentation based on behavioral aspects tends to focus on the purchase behavior, benefits, features, usage patterns as well as perceptions of the customers. Psychographic segmentation is based on lifestyle patterns and personality traits of the customers. Profile refers to categorizing the market based on age, income and socio-economic status. Targeting comes after segmentation and refers to the selection of one or more such groups towards which the elements of the marketing mix are aimed at. These segments are evaluated on the basis of criteria such as their potential profitability, size, as well as their coherence with the organizational goals. Finally, positioning refers to the whole or space in customers’ mind that the company wis hes to acquire. In short, the company decides the area in which it would differentiate itself from competitors as well as how it intends to do so. For example, Diet Coke positioned itself against Coke Zero by appealing to a different target market (women) compared to Coke Zero that targeted athletics and sportsmen. Lecture 4 discusses the buyer behavior process. This begins with an analysis of the various roles that consumers take on as â€Å"initiators†, â€Å"influencers†, â€Å"deciders†, â€Å"buyers† and â€Å"users†. A personal consumer is one who is the end user of the product bought, whereas, an organizational consumer is one who buys with the intention of using the product in the manufacture of some other product. The process of making decisions involves recognition of the fact that the consumer has an unsatisfied need which he/she attempts to satisfy, searching for potential ways to satisfy that need, evaluating alternative products on th e basis of various criteria, purchasing and finally, evaluating the decision in retrospect. When the product falls short of the customer’s expectations he/she may experience cognitive dissonance. Consumers purchase products owing to peer pressure (for instance, a Mercedes to show off his status) as well as his/her personality traits (for instance, drinking ground coffee instead of Nescafe’s 3-in-1 satchel). The buying process for organizations is far more complex and involves a more rational, well-informed choice as opposed to purely hedonic or impulsive behavior

Lecture 5 Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lecture 5 Summary - Assignment Example Communists had already exerted their rule over other countries in the past year that is why Hitler feared that Germany could be taken over especially during the Great depression. Hitler believed that foe Germany to become a super power; they needed to expand their borders into other countries. They concentrated mostly on the East for expansion. Hitler also wanted to overturn a peace treaty that ended the First World War. Hitler concentrated on Germany to become a superpower. Hitler felt that he was good enough to focus on his foreign policy in 1934. Hitler and his army moved to western Germany in 1936. It was hard to overthrow Hitler because his army was faithful to him and he had contributed to Germany’s economic growth. His subjects believed that he was the best leader to bring Germany to the status that it required. Germany formed an alliance with Italy because both were unhappy with the results of World War 1. They wanted to come up with a new world order to oppose the existing international order. Hitler wished to make a strong Germany state in central Europe to combine Austria to the south and Germany to the north. Hitler was a great winner in the theme of foreign policy that was applied in 1930s. Germany invaded other countries like Czech Slovakia that did not have Germans. Hitler’s foreign policy and inversion to other countries led to World War

J&L and Hedging Essay Example for Free

JL and Hedging Essay JL Railroad should take a long position. They need to purchase diesel fuel in the future, they don’t produce diesel fuel, so they would want to take a future to be able to lock in the price of diesel fuel for future purchases. 2. What problems could the use of heating oil futures for hedging create for JL? Note: I assume this question is asking about heating oil specifically not futures in general. As heating oil is not the same product as diesel fuel, therefore there could still be some exposure (risk) for JL. There has been a historical correlation between heating oil prices and diesel fuel prices, but this might not be true for the future. The futures for heating oil are contracts for delivery of 42,000 gallons – the amount of diesel fuel needed in any month is unlikely to equal 42,000 gallons or a multiple of that amount. As the heating oil futures mature on the last business day of the preceding month and therefore the purchase would have to occur on that day. 3. Explain why the daily settlement of futures contracts can create cash-flow problems for JL? If JL purchases a long future contract, they have to provide the initial margin for each contract. If the price of heating oil goes down (even for a short period) to bring the margin to below the maintenance margin, JL would be required to top up the margin to the initial margin amount. If they don’t have the ready funds to do this their futures contract would be cancelled. This could require JL to maintain a substantial amount of cash or the availability of a line of credit they can draw on, as needed. The costs to hold this much cash or the interest on a line of credit may exceed the value of the hedging of diesel fuel prices. As the contract hasn’t closed yet (and it could be a while until it does depending on the length of the contract) these daily settlements could affect the interim cash needs of the company. If the price goes up there isn’t an issue with cash needs (other than the initially required margin). 4. How do options on futures work? Why can trading options on futures can be preferable than trading options on the physical heating oil? An option on a future is the ability to purchase the future (or sell the future) at a given price. If the future doesn’t reach that price, you don’t have to buy it. An amount called a premium is charged for the options. If instead of trading options on a future, JL could trade options on heating oil. Exercising an option on a future only requires the cash margin to be deposited, exercising an option on heating oil would require the total value of the heating oil exercise price to paid.

Sub †pop culture Essay Example for Free

Sub – pop culture Essay Music videos have definitely made a big influence on our culture today. Most people see music videos not only as videos with their favorite icons on it but they also see the videos as a way to impart messages. These messages produce great effects especially to the youth who watch these videos on a constant basis. Sadly, we do not have control over what we can see on the television. One of negative images that music videos have portrayed is about African American women. They are perceived to be promiscuous and are seen as sex tools. Because the images are widely known, they are extended to all African American women (West and Stevenson, 2003, p. 98). This is not fair because Black women, or any other women, should not be seen and judged this way. This kind of image does not help in promoting respect for women. In contrast, the music videos send out the message the women, African American in particular, are â€Å"easy. † It is very downgrading to all women and should be stopped. People, especially young adults, watching these videos will not have a problem accepting this kind of message and can make them believe that it is a legitimate behavior (Battle, Bennett, Lemelle, 2006, p. 117). Because hip hop music is the most common kind of genre showing this kind of appalling image of African American women, it then makes sense that it is easier to disrespect all African American people (Brummett, 2006, p. 253). Although music videos are entertaining and informative in nature, people should be more careful in what they want to display especially with regard to women. It is not only offensive but it also promotes violence and inequality to women all over the world. References Battle, J. J. , Bennett, M. , Lemelle, A. J. (2006). Free at Last? : Black America in the Twenty-First Century. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Brummett, B. (2006). Rhetoric in Popular Culture. California: Sage Publications, Inc. West, Carolyn M. Stevenson, T. (2003). Violence in the Lives of Black Women: Battered, Black, and Blue. New York: Haworth Press.

Economic Environmental And Culture Impacts Of Tourism

Economic Environmental And Culture Impacts Of Tourism In light of the increasingly competitive day visit market and concern about the keeping of wild animals in captivity for human amusement, the national Zoo of Bangladesh must balance carefully the demands of the paying visitor with those of maintaining credibility as conservation and education-oriented organisations. Utilising the model of the product life cycle this paper analyses the current position of national Zoo of Bangladesh in the visitor attraction market. The major tourism issues are discussed in this paper and it also emphasises the integration of the social economic and environmental for effective tourism and development. Introduction Tourism has become the greatest tool of this present century to achieve international mutual understanding. It is a travel particularly for leisure or recreational purposes. It is now a global industry that involves millions of domestic and international tourists travel every year. Tourism works as a bridge among the people through out the world who are from different languages, cultures, race and so on. Tourism is basically based on tourists not the economy and the developing countries can be greatly benefited by this industry. It not only brings the nations closer together but also keeps great international relationship. Tourism is both entertaining and educative. People can get enormous information and can see the unseen through it. However it can have major impacts and these impacts can be both positive and negative. These impacts can be presented under the headings of economy, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Dhaka zoo is largest zoo in Bangladesh situated in Mirpur,Dhaka.It is the national zoo under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. The total number of vertebrate fauna in the zoo is about 2,150 in 191 species. Included in these animals, are about 551 mammals under 64 species, 1,543 birds under 90 species, 73 reptiles under 15 species, and about 104 aquarium fishes under 23 species. To attract visitors besides many fascinating animals, there are 15 tigers, 21 lions, 9 hippopotamus, about 200 monkeys, and 33 pythons. Moreover, some rare and interesting animals such as the rhea, peacock, zebra, elephant, African grey parrot, water buck, impala, emus, baboon, chimpanzee, gayal, black bear, tapir, mandrill, and estuarine crocodile provide additional entertainment to the visitors. The zoo has a captive breeding programme and successfully bred the Royal Bengal Tiger, lion, leopard, primates, deer, and many birds. It has animal exchange programmes with many zoos of the world. As gifts Bangladesh government presented about 300 zoo animals to different organisations and personalities of different countries including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Iraq. The zoo regularly organizes various education programmes for students. The various ornamental features of the garden provides an aesthetic background to the animal houses, enclosures and aviaries, scattered all over the area, exhibiting indigenous fauna of Bangladesh as well as exotic specimens collected from different countries of the world. Methodology, findings and analysis Economic Impacts Economic impacts are the most significant field for tourism. The impacts can be positive and negative. It can be especially marked on developing countries. People of this country can easily make foreign exchange like dollars, francs, pound and so on through tourism. The economic impacts of tourism represent the most important facets of tourism from a development viewpoint. It can bring a great economic benefit for a country. Tourism can also contribute greatly to gross national product because the success of countries and governments are frequently explained through the percentage of annual growths in GNP. Moreover it can play a significant part for extra expenditure in the economy on goods and services. The economic impact of the Zoo has grown significantly beyond the growth of the national and regional economies. This implies that the national Zoo of Bangladesh is a growth industry for the local economy. Visitor spending by Zoo patrons contributes significantly to the economic impa ct of the Zoo. The Zoo has an economic development impact that was not quantified in this analysis. The presence of the Zoo has a positive impact on the attendance levels of other Greater Bangladeshi amusement parks and events, and vice-versa. The presence of the Zoo enhances the overall attraction of Bangladesh. Economic Impact Results We have determined that since 1992, construction by the Zoo has led to One-time economic impacts ranging from $1.6 million to $12.8 million in the Greater Cincinnati economy. The largest construction impact occurred from 1992 construction expenditures, which totaled $5.7 million. In 1996, the construction impact of the Zoo was $2.7 million, of which $836,362 went to area households in the form of wages. Zoo construction led to the creation and retention of a total of 35 Bangladeshi jobs in 1996. The on-going economic impacts associated with the Zoos operation expenditures have been steadily increasing since 1992. The total economic impact of operations increased 52 percent over this period, to reach $29.2 million in 1996. The economic impact on household earnings increased 33 percent from 1992 to 1996, reaching $10.7 million in 1996. The employment impact increased from 491 jobs in 1992 to 580 in 1996 an 18 percent increase. (http://www.grips.ac.jp/alumni/UzbekistanTourism(2).pdf) Again tourism expenditure into an economy is not completely based on direct expenditure rather it is based on multiply of income. For instance, The money that is given by tourists can have multi uses. Employee will receive wages and they will also spend in local market for their daily necessities. Some of the money can pass through banking institution. Perhaps this money can be paid for repaying their banking debts and sometimes they can save the money and invest as well in the local market. The government will also be benefited through taxation. Therefore, the money runs into the local market through investment, savings and taxation. ( peter M. Burns and Andrew Holden) Significant numbers of jobs can be created through tourism. The employers can engage themselves as hotel workers, bar staff and can also engage themselves in other areas such as boat hire, cycle hire and repair, car and motorcycle hire, food and drink selling and so on. Furthermore the local people who are involved in craft activities of painting, wood carving and boutique making can get great economic profit (Mason,1995). In addition, government can earn a huge amount of revenues from tourist. Government expenditure can be collected from the increased tourism expenditure at both central and local levels. The revenues can be taken through employee taxation and in some cases direct taxation placed on the tourist. For example, Government can earn from the arrival taxes and from the departure taxes. Additionally tourism is very helpful for infrastructure development of the host country. By getting revenues from tourists the government can use it for the developments of countrys airport, roads, electricity, and water and for sewerage disposal. As the government can use the revenues for the development of the country thus they need not to take loan from other sources. The socio-cultural impacts of the zoo Culture is about how people observe social interactions. Actually cultures consist with behavioural patterns that have been acquired through generations. Culture also includes belief, art, moral low, knowledge and so on. Culture attraction in relation to tourism includes; leisure activities, educational system, dress, languages, art and music, handicrafts, religion, tradition, food, architecture and so on. Visitors and host population both are very important in relation to socio-cultural impacts of tourism. The impacts will be greatest when the contrast will be shown between receiving society and origin culture. Tourism can encourage social mobility in the developing country like Bangladesh through changes in employment from traditional agriculture and may result in higher wages and better job prospects. There are some more benefits of socio-cultural tourism impacts. These are creation of job employment, the rebirth of local arts and revival of social cultural life of the local people. However tourism can cause over crowding at the zoo of Bangladesh. The overcrowding can cause stress for both tourists and the local people of Bangladesh. Although the remarkable impacts are over dependency on tourism and consequently the traditional activities of the local farmers like firming has reduced. Another socio-cultural impact of tourism is demonstration effect. The demonstration effect depends on tourist and on hosts. Some local people changes themselves behaviorically particularly the young generation are greatly affected by demonstration effect. It is very obvious that the host countries people are very much interested towards the life style of tourists. The demonstration effect also has economic implication. The local people of Bangladesh are interested towards western products. For instance, it is very common picture of the local people at the zoo area that they wear jeans, t-shirt instead of traditional dress, in the same time they become interested to imported drinks like coke rather than lemonade. In addition, in many developing areas tourism has contributed to an incensement of prostitution. Although it is very difficult to determine exactly how much probably the most famous and documented sex tourism destinations are Thailand and Philippines. Sex tourism often involves both sexes, male or female tourists looking for female or male prostitutes. Bangladesh is a Muslim religious based country where most of the people are religious minded. Although sex tourism is not a common picture in Bangladesh. However, many tourists go into holidays with the inner hope of finding a partner for sexual relationship. The partner may or may not be the resident of the host country; it is often a fellow tourist. Many evidence show how many women are involved in open ended prostitution may able to establish longer term relationships with several foreigners through facking romantic involvement. The scare of AIDS had a dramatic effect on prostitution. Although Bangladesh is not completely out threat en of sex tourism. Furthermore, tourism can have tremendous effect on culture and these are both positive and negative. A changing culture means a changing composition with respect to income earners in family. This modification has a tremendous impact on family structure and the society as a whole. Bangladesh is basically a male dominated country and when women get financial independence; their whole perspective of life and marriage is prone to change. Most of the local people at the zoo who are involved in tourism related business are questioned and the replied who have got from them suggest that most of the families are related to tourism business. The main results of the questionnaire from the local people at the zoo are as follows: most of the local people at the zoo understand that tourists are different from them. According to local people of the zoo the benefits that can be got tourists are vandalism, sexual harassment, drag addiction and prostitution and crime in general. Again, most of the loc al young are in favour in tourism. They prefer to accept the culture of the tourists which is considered as a great threat of host culture. Therefore, there is both positive and negative socio- cultural impacts of tourism. The negative impacts includes: demonstration effect, cultural damage and specific issues for example incensement in drag taking, prostitution, crime and so on. Actually the negative consequences are mostly seen where there is a cultural difference between tourists and hosts. Environmental Impacts of tourism at the Zoo Developed on behalf of the national zoo of Bangladesh-based environmental consultancy, Carbon Plan, the system was designed for the Zoo to measure and report its environmental impact. The Zoo has now been short listed for an environmental excellence are awarded, for developing this project. The awards were established last year to recognize the good work done by environmental consultancies as part of the wider efforts to reduce our global impact. SALOME is one of the first environmental accounting strategy tools specifically designed for business. As a result of its implementation, Bangladesh Zoo has reduced its carbon footprint by 39.6 per cent since 2006, a reduction of 370 tonnes of carbon per year. The Director of Bangladeshi Zoo Gardens, Dr M mofizar Rahman, said: This nomination is fantastic news for Bangladesh Zoo and for Carbon Plan, and demonstrates the Zoos commitment to environmental sustainability.CarbonPlan has also worked with Bangladeshi Zoo Gardens to develop a set of Sustainable Development Guidelines for its National Wildlife Conservation Park .The nomination comes as the national Zoo of Bangladesh became the first zoo in the country to achieve the ISO14001 certification the international standard for environmental management systems. The environment is a key resource for tourism. Generally visitors are attracted by the natural beauty of the country. On the other hand, damage of environment can reduce a great number of visitors. Sometimes tourism has a indirect impact on physical environment. The natural environment includes the landscape, rivers, rock outcrops, beaches, plants and animals. There are five aspects of environment. The natural environment includes: mountainous areas, seas, rivers and lakes, caves, beaches, natural woodland and so on. Again the wild life includes: Land based animals and reptiles, flora, birds, insects and so on. The framed environment includes: man made forests, fish firms. The built environment includes: individual building and structures, villages and townscapes, transport and infrastructure. Where is very important factor for tourism environment impact because an urban areas are used more by the tourists than the rural areas. This is because of roads, structure and proper planning process. Therefore the national zoo of Bangladesh are potentially far greater than small number of walkers in the beach of Bangladesh. Tourism is a seasonal activity in Bangladesh. Thus the environment of the can be affected by the tourism only a part of year and the rest of the year the nature is recovering itself. Although it not always possible for the nature to recover itself for instance, in winter season a large number domestic tourists visit the zoo which is out of control for the environment to recover. Ecology is very significant for tourism. Ecology refers human, animal and plants and each of the elements are related to each other if there any ecological imbalance happens the whole environment will be heavily affected. The national Zoo of Bangladesh is actually a seasonal tourist attraction. The peak season is December to May and time 10amto 4pm is busiest time of the day. The domestic people are the main visitors furthermore, visitor also come from India, Pakistan, Burma, especially from the south Asian countries. A large number of visitors visit the zoo everyday. There is no accurate measurement of the visitor number at the Zoo however evidence suggests that mire than 200 visitors visit at the Zoo for per hour. Although the zoo is unaffected by the visitors yet the great number flashing photography may change the behavior of the wild animal. Tourism planning and management There are number of aims and objectives for tourism planning. Tourism planning is particularly based on ideas on future tourism and the intention of tourism planning is derive maximum benefits and derives minimum negative effects. There are also some key players of tourism planning and management. Tourism management requires consideration of a number of factors including Who is managing? What is being managed? How is it being managed? Where is it happening? and when is it happening? These question are clearly integral and it very difficult to separate. The major players are tourists themselves, members of the host communities, government agencies and representative of travel agency. In relation to tourism planning and management NGOs and media can play a significant role. Although tourists are undeniably very important part yet they are often blamed for rights responsibilities. The right and responsibilities of tourists are as follows: Tourists need to obey the local law and in the time they cannot take part in any illegal activities. They need to respect the religion and the cultures of host countries. They should not make any harm for natural environment. Again protecting wild animals and contributing in local economy is also their responsibility. Education can be used as an important technique in tourism management within the content of interpretation. It is educational process that involves the transfer of knowledge and the development of values to environment and culture. Tour guides act as site interpreter a zoo keepers are specific form of interpreter used by the zoo to help manage, the educational experience for visitors. In addition codes an conduct and guide lines are very significant to regulate tourism codes of conduct have a range of authors including government, NGOs And other representatives. Moreover, it has a great importance in tourism planning and management. GIS is a computer based system that can handle and process geographical data. In the widest sense of the activity is sustainable. The activity has been concerned with socio-cultural and economic factors. According to the sustainable sense the activity shows that tourism should be recognized as positive factor with the potential to the benefit of the community and place as well as the visitors. The relationship between tourism environments must be managed so that environment is sustainable in the long term. Conclusion This paper shows variety of tourism effects under the heading of socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts. The paper also represents a number of different organizations, groups and individuals which have a significant role to play in tourism management and planning. The role both tourists and hosts are very remarkable for tourism management and planning. The paper shows that the national zoo of Bangladesh has the potential to create successful tourism industry. It also indicates that there is likelihood of well-planned and management tourism in which environmetal factors and socio cultural aspects are well integrated.

Manuscript :: essays research papers

ManuScript is a simple, music-based programming language developed to write plug-ins for the Sibelius music processor. It is based on Simkin, an embedded scripting language developed by Simon Whiteside (www.larts.co.uk/simkin.html), and has been extended by him and Graham Westlake. (Simkin is a spooky pet name for Simon sometimes found in Victorian novels.) Rationale In adding a plug-in language to Sibelius we were trying to address several different issues: Music notation is complex and infinitely extensible, so some users will sometimes want to add to a music notation program to make it cope with these new extensions. It is useful to allow frequently repeated operations (e.g. opening a MIDI file and saving it as a score) to be automated, using a system of scripts or macros. Certain more complex techniques used in composing or arranging music can be partly automated, but there are too many to include as standard features in Sibelius. There were several conditions that we wanted to meet in deciding what language to use: The language had to be simple, as we want normal users (not just seasoned programmers) to be able to use it. We wanted plug-ins to be usable on any computer, as the use of PC?s, Macs and other platforms is widespread in the music world. We wanted the tools to program in the language to be supplied with Sibelius. We wanted musical concepts (pitch, notes, bars) to be easily expressed in the language. We wanted programs to be able to talk to Sibelius easily (to insert and retrieve information from scores). We wanted simple dialog boxes and other user interface elements to be easily programmed. C/C++, the world?s ?standard? programming language(s), were unsuitable as they are not easy for the non-specialist to use, they would need a separate compiler, and you would have to recompile for each different platform you wanted to support (and thus create multiple versions of each plug-in). The language Java was more promising as it is relatively simple and can run on any platform without recompilation. However, we would still need to supply a compiler for people to use, and we could not express musical concepts in Java as directly as we could with a new language. So we decided to create our own language which is interpreted so it can run on different platforms; is integrated into Sibelius without any need for separate tools, and can be extended with new musical concepts at any time. The ManuScript language that resulted is very simple.

Reward Management Essay -- Reward Systems RM

Reward Management (RM) has been defined as the distribution of monetary and non-monetary rewards to employees in an effort to align the interests of the employees, the organisation, and its shareholders (O’Neil, 1998). In addition O’Neil (1998) also suggests that a RM system can serve the purpose of attracting prospective job applicants, retaining valuable employees, motivating employees, ensuring legal requirements relating to direct and indirect rewards are not violated, assisting the company in achieving human resource and business objectives, and ultimately assisting the organisation in obtaining a competitive advantage. Various conflicts in the RM system can affect the benefits that can be obtained. It has been argued that performance management systems only provide superficial motivations and have little effect on underlying behaviours and attitudes. Although the RM system can have some limitations, there is strong argument for the benefits, and logic also deems it as a credible strategy to assist in improving employee performance. The implementation and application of RM within the subject organisation has provided many opportunities for increased performance. Limitations and inequities have been recognised in the system employed, mainly due to the lack of assessment and changes to the system in order to align it with organisational objectives. Reward Management Theory Reward management involves defining, facilitating, and encouraging performance. The positive effects a successful RM system can provide to employee performance and in turn organisational success and competitive advantage are clear. This appeal has driven many organisations to take up RM as part of their performance management stratagem. The RM system falls into the broader process of the performance management model within the organisation, as stated by Clark (as cited in Human Resource Management, 2000). This involves the continual process of setting performance objectives, measuring outcomes, providing feedback on the results, providing rewards which are linked to desired outcomes and finally evaluating and making amendments to objectives and activities of the system. When developing an effective RM procedure as part of organisational strategy many considerations must be addressed. O’Neil (1998) suggests the following key methods of linking pay to performance; ascerta... ...e â€Å" The reward system of the organisation guides the actions that generally have the greatest impact on the motivation and performance of individual employees†. Similarly, Wah (2000) argues that companies which treat their high-performing employees significantly better than those that don't are the best-performing companies around and they reside in the upper quartile of shareholder returns. In addition Lawler (as cited in, Readings In Contemporary Employment Relations, 1998) states that if all the psychological rewards are removed employees will grudgingly remain at work, however if all the financial rewards are removed they would most likely leave. As most of the literature suggests, employee performance is a vital element in organisational survival and success. The systems developed and applied to facilitate the management of employee performance are therefore major contributors to the overall success of performance management. To remain effective the RM process should not be isolated from other HRM functions, in addition the process must be dynamic and constantly aligned to organisational strategy. In these instances long term benefits for all stakeholders can be realised.

Holocaust :: essays research papers

Tarek El Zein Holocaust Jesus or Hitler? Anti-Semitism was widespread in Europe at the time Hitler came to power. Much of this anti-Semitism was rooted, first, in religious beliefs that arose more than 1500 years before Hitler came to power, and second, on political beliefs, often cynically exploited for political gain. Though it was not accepted by everyone, this existing anti-Semitism was common and provided a receptive audience for Hitler's anti-Semitic claims. Hitler did not just exploit the existing anti-Semitism in Germany; he changed it and built on it until it became an all-consuming obsession both for himself and for the rest of the National Socialist leadership. The most significant difference between traditional anti-Semitism and the philosophy of the Nazis was that the basis for the anti-Semitism was distorted and changed. Previous anti-Semitism had been based upon religious convictions - primarily on the questionable fact that Jews were responsible for the execution of Jesus - and political attacks to exclude Jews from the rest of society. Although he exploited this religious anti-Semitism, Hitler and the other Nazi leaders, who were opposed to traditional religions, found another basis for their hatred of the Jews. They relied on the theories of "eugenics" and "social Darwinism" which were then common in Europe and transformed them into "race science." They also used the political expression of anti-Semitism coupled with the myth of the Aryans. This myth had developed in Europe the last part of the 19th century. According to Hitler's philosophy the Germanic peoples called "Aryans," were superior to all other races and had the right to rule over them. Hitler and the other Nazis claimed that other races, such as the Slavs and the Poles, were inferior species fit only to serve Aryan man. The Jews were even lower than the Slavs. Hitler believed that "Aryans" were the builders of civilization while Jews were parasites fit only for extermination. This racism had a polit ical agenda as well. Hitler blamed the Jews for the loss of World War I, which he called "the stab in the back" and made the focus of his political campaigns. The combination of religious anti-Semitism and political anti-Semitism with patriotism led many German people to accept Hitler's message. One of the stumbling blocks to even wider acceptance of the Nazis' racism was the assimilation of Jews into German life. Unlike the Jews of Eastern Europe, German Jews considered themselves no different from other Germans, but in religion.

Alcohol Abuse Essay

Alcohol abuse is perhaps one of the biggest problems in the United States today. It is not only a personal problem that dramatically affects an individual’s lives, but moreover those that surround such a life. In the essay â€Å"Under the Influence† by Scott Russel Sanders, he expresses his emotions through a poem. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke. â€Å"The whiskey on his breath could make a small boy dizzy; but hung on like death; such waltzing was not easy.† (258). This poem is one of many effective devices that Sanders uses to clearly and decisively convey to us the readers of how profound the effects of alcoholism are. Sanders reflects back to his childhood and explains his complex relationship with his alcoholic father and the after effects now that he is a grown up. One of Sanders memorable comments in his essay is when he states his father â€Å" He would not hide the green bottles in his tool box, would not sneak off to the barn with a lump under his coat, would not fall asleep in the daylight, would not roar and fume, would not drink himself to death, if only I were perfect† (255). What a strong point of view in a little boys mind; to think, â€Å"if only I were perfect† his father would not drink! Sanders tell us how our children experience the burden, of the effects of alcoholism. Sanders said, â€Å"Father ‘s drinking became the family secret. While growing up, we children never breathed a word of it beyond the four walls of our house† â€Å"I asked my mother if she ever spoke of his drinking to friends. ‘No, no, never’ she replied hastily. ‘I couldn’t bear for anyone to know’†(257). It must be very difficult for a family and, especially for a child not to be able to communicate their suffering to others. Sanders as a chills wasn’t able to be honest; he was force to live a lie. Another comment from Sanders was, â€Å" I hated also the Gallo brothers, Ernest and Julio, whose jovial faces shone from the labels of their wine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †I meant to go out there and tell Ernest and Julio what they were doing to my father, and then, if they showed no mercy. I would kill them† (259) Sanders contrast the jovial faces on the wine label to the reality of his father’s fuming. character. Sanders closes with, â€Å"I still do- once a week, perhaps, a glass of wine, a can of beer, nothing stronger, nothing more. I listen for the turning of a key in my brain† (266). Sanders is comparing his drinking to his father’s drinking as an alcoholic. Unlike his father, Sanders is not an alcoholic and has the ability to control his drinking. Work Cited Sanders, Scott Russel. â€Å"Under the Influence† Fifty Great Essays Editor. Robert Diyanni. Pearson. 2011 Pages 258, 255, 257, 259.

Hitchcock began his career in filming Essay

Hitchcock began his career in filming in the 1920’s. Later on he became a director, this involved changing the script or book into a film. Hitchcock used his own method of preparing the order of shots before filming, as he preconceived each shot in ‘Psycho’, ensuring that the tension was built up in a dramatic manner with a purpose, which made him very successful and led to a huge success. Hitchcock found ways to overcome censorship laws against nudity, sex and violence. He shot the film in black and white to conceal flesh/blood. Music was created to build up an atmosphere of contempt to kill, also to make the audience feel relaxed to increase the shock of certain events. The shower scene was shot in 76 cuts! So that the protagonists arms and other objects would cover up her breasts. Hitchcock’s, most impressive technique was to suggest violence instead of showing it, which made it much more dramatic. Hitchcock used techniques, which later became known as Hitchcockean techniques. He tries to emphasise a character’s view by only having one person in a shot or relating the charter to the audience. Placing objects around the room to show characters characteristics and builds up certain ideas. Hitchcock used an ongoing theme of death through out the film, using stairs to represent life at the bottom and death at the top, which instantly creates tension as soon as a shot with stair is shown. The plot begins with Marion having an affair with Sam. She is sick of sneaking around with him and is sick of her job. So one day when her boss gives her money to deposit in the bank, which she keeps for herself and decides to run away to her boyfriend, the audience have related to Marion and because of this do not think that she has done anything wrong. When se is on the road she is followed by a police officer so part-exchange’s her car for a new one, the audience starts to think that she will get caught and start to hope that she doesn’t. She then continues on her journey, but gets lost in the rain. She arrives at the Bates Motel and decides to stay there the night. She meets the owner, Norman Bates who seems a nice man, although a little nervous (to scared to say bathroom. ). He offers her tea, but his mother objects so they secretly eat in the back room. The audience have related with Marion and because of this are also unsure this helps to build up the suspense at a key point in the films. Marion then goes to have a shower, but unknowingly is watched through a peephole. She is then killed by a mystery figure, the audience then feel shocked that the main character has died. Norman finds the body and forgets about it. However Marion’s sister and Sam want to find out where she has gone so hire a private detective, who leads them to the bates motel. Psycho begins with the normal (a big city. ) and draws slowly into the abnormal (Norman and his disturbed mother. )

The First Day of School Essay

The first day of school is one of a child’s most significant moments of his or her life. Starting off kindergarten can be quite dreadful but a mother’s presence will reassure you that everything will be fine from the very start. In the story, â€Å"The First Day†, the author conveys the story of the mother going to great lengths to prepare her daughter for the start of school. Throughout the story, the author uses narrative techniques such as point of view, foreshadowing, and the main plot in order to convey the meaning of the short story that includes; love, pride and shame. The author uses first person point of view to describe the experiences she went through with her mother while enrolling for school. The narrator includes a series of flashbacks such as mentioning her father, who left them while she was young. This technique gives the readers access to the narrator’s perspective of the events and characters. She includes her thoughts, observations, and feelings about her mother, whom she is ashamed of due to the fact that she is illiterate. The purpose of foreshadowing is to warn or indicate readers of what is to come later in the story. In this case, the story begins with â€Å"In an otherwise unremarkable September morning, long before I learned to be ashamed of my mother, she takes my hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The narrator’s shame towards her mother is prevalent when she mentions â€Å"learned to be ashamed of my mother†. This indicates that the memory she is looking back on is not a joyful one. Furthermore in the story, the author makes numerous mentions about the mother’s lack of education by indicating her dialogue. This includes â€Å"If I’da wanted her someplace else, I’da took her there† or â€Å"Would ifou help me with this form? That is, if you don’t mind.† This technique made it obvious to the readers that there is something wrong with the mother. Lastly, the main plot is the most significant technique the author uses to make this short story compelling. It begins with memories of her past, to imagery about her clothing and perfume to introducing the main event: enrolling for Kindergarten. In then furthers to when she could not enroll to  Seaton Elementary School due to her current address. It led to her mother enrolling her to a different school where the climax is revealed that her mother could not fill out the paper work because she did not know how to read nor write. The conclusion came to an end when the daughter found out about her mother’s lack of education and how she realized her mother’s only dream is for her is to go to school and not become like her. The impact of the mother’s only dream for daughter to be able to go to school became the most important point of the story. The narrative techniques the author used showcased the mother’s desperate yearning for a better life for her daughter than the life she endured. It provokes feelings of self-love, pride and shame that unravels throughout the whole story.

Stylistic Functions of Grammar Categories and the Role of Transposition.

ransposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns. Stylistic function of articles, genitive case, plural number. Stylistic functions of different grammatical categories in different parts of speech. 1) Stylistic transposition of pronouns. 2) Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison. 3) Stylistic functions of verbal categories. 4) Stylistic functions of adverbs.Style is less investigated on the morphological level than on any other one because very many scholars hold the opinion that stylistic connotations appear only when the use of grammatical phenomenon departs from the normative usage and functions on the outskirts or beyond the system of Standard language. Nevertheless stylistic connotations don’t necessarily mean the violation of the normative speech patterns. They are based on different cases of transposition.Transposition is the usage of different parts of speech in unusual grammatical meaning which breaks the usual correlation within a grammatical cate gory and is used to express the speaker’s emotions and his attitude to the object of discussion. It is the shift from one grammatical class to another, controversy between the traditional and situational reference on the level of morphology. (I. V. A. ) 1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical class (LGC) of NOUNS: Transposition of nouns is based on the usage of nouns in unusual exico-grammatical class (LGC), thus causing a stylistic effect. According to their usual LGC they are subdivided into: Personal nouns (agents) (man, woman, children) Living beings (birds, cats, dogs) Collective nouns (mankind, peerage) Material nouns (water, stone) Abstract nouns (clarity, kindness), etc. Transposition from one LGC to another causes expressive, evaluative, emotive and functional connotations. Thus transposition of personal nouns denoting animals to those denoting people causes metaphorization and appearance of zoo morphemes: ass, bear, beast and bitch.Pig, donkey, monkey may have tender but ironical connotation, while swine, ass, ape acquire rude, negative coloring. Negative connotation is intensified by emphatic constructions: you impudent pup, you filthy swine†. I was not going to have all the old tabbies bossing her around just because she is not what they call â€Å"our class† (A. Wilson) Emotive and expressive connotations are achieved in transposition of abstract nouns into personal nouns (abstract nouns used in plural): â€Å"The chubby little eccentricity :: a chubby eccentric child. †Transposition of parts of speech (A>N): â€Å"Listen, my sweet (coll. )†, a man of intelligence, a flush of heat (bookish). Stylistic functions of the Genitive case, plural number and the articles The genitive case is considered to be a formal sign of personification alongside with the personal pronouns ‘he and she’ referred to inanimate objects. The genitive case is limited in its usage to the LGC of nouns denoting living beings: my fa ther’s room, George’s sister. When used with nouns of some other class the genitive case gets emotive coloring and an elevated ring: â€Å"England’s troubles.My country’s laws†. â€Å"^ The trees had eagerness in every turg, stretching their buds upward to the sun’s warmth; the blackbirds were in song† (J. Galsworthy) The suffix‘s’ may be also added to the phrase or to the whole sentence: She’s the boy I used to go with’s mother. He’s the niece, I told you about’s husband. A comic effect is achieved due to many factors: The suffix is added not to a stem but to a noun, followed by a subordinate clause. Logical incompatibility of the following words placed together: she’s the boy; he’s the niece; about’s husband.The use of^ Plural number in unusual collocations is also a source of expressiveness: One I’m – sorry – for –you is worth twenty I  œ told – you – so’s. The sentence has a jocular ring because a plural ending ’s’ is added to the whole sentence together with the numeral ‘twenty’. Abstract nouns used in plural become countable, concrete and acquire additional expressive connotation making the description more vivid and impressive: â€Å"Oh! Wilfred has emotions, hates, pities, wants; at least sometimes; when he does his stuff is jolly good.Otherwise he just makes a song about nothing – like the rest (J. Galsworthy) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; â€Å"The peculiar look came into Bossiney’s face which marked all his enthusiasms†. Sometimes the forms of singular and plural of abstract nouns have different shades of the given abstract notion and are used for emphasis: â€Å"He had nerve but no nerves. † LGC of Material nouns as a rule have no plural but in descriptions of nature and landscapes they may be used in plural for the sake of expressiveness: The snows of Kilimanjaro, the sands of Africa, the waters of the Ocean.The same effect is achieved when PUs with nouns denoting weight and measure lose their concrete meaning and become synonyms to the pronouns much, many, a lot of, little, few: Tons of funs, loads of friends; a sea of troubles, a pound of pardons. Stylistic functions of articles The indefinite article before a proper name creates an additional evaluative connotation due to the clash of nominal and logical meanings (antonomasia):^ I don’t claim to be a Rembrandt. Have a Van Deyk? A century ago there may have been no Leibnitz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday, and a Darwin (Winner).The indefinite article stresses a very high evaluation of the role of the scientists in the development of the world science. But very often the indefinite article before the name of ordinary people denotes negative characteristics of the persons under those names: â€Å"I will never marry a Malone or a Sykes† (Sh. Bronte) The de finite article before the surname may stress that the person is famous or notorious: â€Å"Yes, the Robinson. Don’t you know? The notorious Robinson. † (J. Conrade)The repetition of the article intensifies the expressiveness of the enumerated nouns: â€Å"The waiting – the hope – the disappointment – the fear – the misery – the poverty – the flight of his hopes – and the end to his career – the suicide, perhaps, of the shabby, slip-shod drunkard (Ch. Dickens). ^ Stylistic transposition of pronouns The personal pronoun is a formal sign of the 1st person narration. If used too often it denotes the speaker’s self-estimation, self-satisfaction and egoism: â€Å"And that’s where the real businessman comes in: where I come in. But I am cleverer than some.I don’t mind dropping a little money to start the process. I took your father’s measure, I saw that he had a sound idea; I saw†¦I kne w†¦I explained†¦ (B. Shaw) When I is substituted for the indefinite one or you in a generalizing function the contact of the speaker and listener is closer, making the words of the speaker sound modest and reserved: â€Å"You see, Chris, even in quite a small provincial town you could have a clinic, a little team of doctors, each doing his own stuff† (A. Cronin). â€Å"I am ancient but I don’t feel it. That’s one thing about painting, it keeps you young.Titian lived to ninety-nine and had to have plague to kill him off†. (J. Galswarthy) I may be substituted by nouns a man, a chap, a fellow, a girl. Thus the listener is included in the events and feelings portrayed. Archaic pronouns (Archaisms): thee (you), thou (your), thy (your), thine (yours) thyself (yourself) are used in poetry and create a high-flown atmosphere: Hail to thee, blithe spirit! Bird thou never wert (P. B. Shelly). Pronouns he, she, it may be formal indication of personification when used in reference to natural phenomena as the sun(he) and the earth(she) in T. Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles.When he or she are substituted for it living beings are reduced to the class of things, hence a humorous or an ironical effect and mostly negative evaluation being created. The same function is performed by pronouns what, this, that, anything and nouns beast, brute, creature: â€Å"Is there anything wrong with me, Mister Mate? It asked† (J. Conrad). ‘We’ may denote some group of people with whom the speaker connects himself: â€Å"Because he was a Forsyte; we never part with things you know, unless we want something in their place; and not always then. (J. Galsworthy) Proverbs: We never know the value of water till the well is dry.We soon believe what we desire. There exist the so-called Pluralis Majestatis ( – , ? ?. ?): â€Å"^ We, the king of Great Britain†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and Pluralis Modestiae ( ) or the authorâ€℠¢s â€Å"we†. In fiction Pluralis Modestiae brings associations with scientific prose and produces the impression of historic truth (authenticity). â€Å"We soon believe what we desire† (Pluralis Modestiae) The pronoun â€Å"they† denotes that the action is performed by a group of people where the speaker is not included, as if he is separated from them: â€Å"My poor girl, what have they been doing to you! †Demonstrative pronouns this and that single the objects out of the whole class and emotionally stress them: â€Å"George: Oh, don’t be innocent, Ruth. This house! This room! This hideous, God-awful room! † This and That may express anger and irritation, merriment and mockery especially in case of redundancy typical of familiar-colloquial style: â€Å"They had this headmaster, this very cute girl†. â€Å"By all means let us have a policy of free employment, increased production, no gap between exports and imports, social security, a balanced This and a planned That, but let us also have fountains, exquisite fountains, beautiful fountains†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (J. B.Priestley) Demonstrative pronouns are especially expressive when used with possessive ones in postposition and accompanied by epithets: that lovely ring of yours, that brother of mine, this idea of his, that wretched puppy of yours! Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison Adjectives possess a single grammatical category of comparison, meant to portray the degrees of intensity with the help of comparative and superlative degrees contributing to the expressive stylistic function: ‘a most valuable idea, the newest fashion of all, a foolish, foolish wife, my wife is a foolishness herself, Is she as foolish as that? . The usage of the comparative degree with other than qualitative adjectives makes them foregrounded due to their expressiveness: ‘â€Å"You cannot be deader than the dead† (E. Hemingway). Polysyllabic adjectives f orm degrees of comparison with more and most, but in case of the synthetic forms –er and –est the utterance sounds expressive and stylistically relevant: ‘Curiouser and curiouser! Cried Alice (she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English’ (L. Carrol).This device is used in the language of advertising thus breaking the valency of the incompatible elements joined together: â€Å"the orangemostest drink in the world†. There are several structural combinations with adjectives that are very expressive: A duck of a boy. A devil of a fellow. Good and strong. Nice and warm. Most happy. Much of a lad. More of a realist; very happy; most happy; the greatest pleasure. ^ Stylistic functions of verbal categories Stylistic potentialities of verbs are not enough investigated. Transposition is one of the main sources of expressiveness. Transposition from the past to the present is stylistically relevant.It brings the even ts which happened in the past closer to the reader. Description becomes more vivid and lively. This kind of transposition is called Historical (dramatic) present. Historical present instead of the past: â€Å"^ And then on the night of the banquet she appears in her emeralds, and throughout the evening Max pays attention to no one else†. (M. Mitchel) (to make the narrative more vivid and dramatic). â€Å"Looking back, as I was saying into the back of my infancy, the first objects I can remember as standing out by themselves from a confusion of things, are my mother and Pegotty, what else do I remember?Let me see†¦ There comes out of the cloud, our house – not new to me, but quite familiar, in its earliest remembrance. On the ground floor is Pegotty’s kitchen, opening into a back yard†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ch. Dickens) Transposition of the future to the present to stress its potential possibility: â€Å"But mark my words! The first woman, who fishes for him, hook s him! † Transposition of the Imperative mood to the Indicative mood: â€Å"I can’t stand it! Don’t tempt me! You are coming home with me now† (Dr. ) – (in emotional speech of characters)Transposition of tenses in speech characterization in colloquial speech: â€Å"I says, he, she ain’t; You done me a hill turn†. ^ Archaic verbal forms are stylistically marked: dost, knowest, doth, liveth – to create the atmosphere of antiquity in historical novels and in poetry. Transposition from future into present tenses:’ It’s a mercy that he did not bring us over a black daughter-in-law, my dear. But mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. (Future action seems potentially performed). Indefinite >Continuous: â€Å"suddenly their heads cast shadows forward. A car behind them is coming up the hill.Its lights dilate and sway around them† (J. Updyke). Past event are described as if going on before the eyes of the reader who becomes a participant of the events. Indicative Imperative: â€Å"^ I can’t stand it! Don’t tempt me! You’re coming home with me now†! (Dreiser). – (in emotional speech of characters) Transposition of auxiliaries may be not only expressive but also functional – stylistic. Thus, in speech characterization of heroes there appear the forms of colloquial speech: ^ I, he, and we ain’t, I says, we has (was, is). You done me a hill turn. Time ‘as changed.Archaic verbal forms: -st, dost, -th, doth (knowest, knoweth, liveth) create the atmosphere of the past centuries and a highly elevated coloring. ^ Modal verbs used in pseudo–clauses acquire expressiveness and indignation mixed with nervousness: ‘That he should be so careless! ’ ‘Not that they should give a warning’. Grammatical forms (modal verbs) may acquire expressiveness when repeated several times: ^ And Death shall have no d ominion Dead men naked, they shall be one With man in the wind and the west moon; When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone, They shall have stars at elbow and foot;Though they go mad they shall be sane, Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again; Though lovers be lost love shall not, And death shall have no dominion (D. Thomas). The idea of the union of man and nature is intensified in the constant and insistent repetition of shall indicating in this context not only modality but promise and solemn prophecy. It makes the poem very expressive and emotional, pointing out persistent necessity and affirmation. Adverbs are not enough investigated. Their stylistic relevance in the scientific texts is based on their usage as logical connectives.Logical sequence of utterances is achieved with the help of an adverb now in the scientific style. â€Å"Now there is no normal process except death which completely clears the brains from all past impressions; and aft er death it is impossible to set it going again†. (N. Viner) ^ Now- right away – (in colloquial speech): She also senses this terrific empathy from him right away. N+wise=ADV: budgetwise, trade unionwise: â€Å"I am better off living in Connecticut, but transportationwise and entertainmentwise I am a loser. † In fiction verbs are used to create the temporal plane of narration.In E. Hemingway’s novel â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls† the adverb ‘now’ serves a metronome of dramatic actions before and after the explosion of the bridge. Now, ever, never, forever are the key-words in E. Hemingway’s prose presenting the shift of the past, present and future. Temporal plane of narration is created with the help of intensifiers: now, never, forever, again: â€Å"Just as the earth can never die, neither will those who have ever been free, return to slavery. There is forever for them to remember them in†. (E. Hemingway) – The st ylistic function of intensification.

Araling panlipunan

At least 2000 years before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines are home to small seafaring communities. These communities traded with neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Vietnam and China through barter. Chinese Ming Dynasty porcelain and metal ware have been unearthed in various parts of the Philippines. Tropical items such as gold pieces, beeswax, and pearls were among the trading goods of pre-colonial Filipinos; Chinese merchants brought with them porcelain, metal ware and silk. The first form of coinage in the country was gold beads, referred to as piloncitos. Beads, barter rings of varying sizes and other gold pieces were some of the objects used in commerce. The term piloncito comes from the word pilon, a local sugar container that resembles the coin. They are engraved with the Brahmanic character ma which looks like an upside down R. We can only guess that this character refers to the pre-colonial kingdom of Ma-yi which is roughly the Philippines we know today. Spanish Era Manila became the trading center of oriental goods under the Spanish rule. The setup introduced alternative forms of currencies to the Philippines. Macuquinas (cobs),dos mundos (pillar dollars),counter stamped and portrait series coins, all made of silver, slowly replaced the gold beads. Due to the shortage of fractional coins, the Royalty of Spain authorized the production of copper coins by the Municipality of Manila. In 1728, the first copper coins called barillas were issued. Peso Fuertes, the first bank notes, was circulated in 1852. In 1861, Casa de Moneda de Manila minted the first gold coins called Isabelinas and Alfonsinos. Both of these gold coins are inscribed with the word Filipinas. Revolutionary Period After Emilio Aguinaldo was proclaimed the President of the First Philippine Republic, two kinds of 2-centavo coins were struck in the army arsenal in Malolos, Bulacan. Paper money was also issued. The American Regime In 1901, America defeated Spain and took over the country. The Philippine Coinage Act was passed by the US Congress. It authorized the production of  silver coins from 1903 to 1912. These coins were minted from the Philadelphia, San Francisco and Denver mints. The coin was designed by a young Filipino artist named Melecio Figueroa. Silver certificates were issued until 1918, later replaced with Treasury Certificates from 1918 to 1935. Because of high cost of minting and transportation, the American government decided to re-open the Manila mint in 1920. The mint produced coins until the Comm onwealth government. Notable coins during this period are those issued for use within the Culion Leper Colony. Republic Period In 1949, the Central Bank of the Philippines was created through the Republic Act No. 265. The English Series, the CBPs first official banknotes, was issued in 1951. It was followed by the Pilipino Series in 1967, the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series in 1973 and the New Design Series in 1985. English Series coins were introduced in 1959, followed by the Pilipino Series in 1967, the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series in 1975. The Flora and Fauna Series was introduced in 1983. An improved version was circulated in 1992. All of these series were demonetized in 1998. GANITO KAMI: Saint Catherine of Sienna MAGULO, MAINGAY, LOKO-LOKO, PASAWAY, SAKIT SA ULO AT IRESPONSABLE: Ganyan kami kung ituturing. Pero syempre, kung may hindi magaganda, meron namang katanggap-taggap sa lahat; May PAGKAKAISA, PAGMAMAHALAN, PAGKAKAIBIGAN at higit sa lahat, may MALASAKIT SA BAWAT ISA. Ayan ang mga bagay na hinding-hindi namin maitatanggi sa iba. Kung minsan, kami’y sakit sa ulo, ngunit gagawa at gagawa kami ng paraan para lang makabawi sa taong nagawan namin ng mali o kasalanan. Lahat ng gulo, pag-aaway o hindi pagkakaunawaan sa loob ng klase ay nagagawa naming solusyonan; dahil lamang sa aming PAGMAMAHAL. Mga pag-aaway na minsa’y nagdudulot ng hirap at pasakit sa aming guro. Lalong lalo na sa aming Gurong-tagapayo na si Ms. Cherrylyn L. Nitoral. Madalas kaming magkaroon ng alitan sa kanya. Pero syempre, gagawa kami ng paraan para maayos ang aming relasyon sa kanya. Sabi nila, ang St. Catherine daw ang pinakamatalino sa lahat ng seksyon sa aming â€Å"batch†. At ito ang aming hindi pinababayaang mawala. Dahil dito, labis na natutuwa ang aming â€Å"Adviser†. Iniisip tuloy namin na ito ang nakakapagpawala ng â€Å"stress† na dulot ng iba naming kaklase sa kanya. Kaya naman, sinusubukan talaga naming maging responsible para lang sa kanya. Ganyan ang ST. CATHERINE. MAGULO, MAINGAY, LOKO-LOKO, PASAWAY, SAKIT SA ULO AT IRESPONSABLE pero may kaya parin kaming maipagmalaki. May PAGKAKAISA, PAGMAMAHALAN, PAGKAKAIBIGAN at higit sa lahat, may MALASAKIT SA BAWAT ISA ang tanging mayroon kami na pinagkakaingat-ingatan namin.

Statistics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Statistics - Speech or Presentation Example Standard deviation on the other hand show us how the individual values compares the mean value, the smaller the standard deviation, the closer the samples measurements are to the mean and vice versa (Gravetter and Wallnau 123). With regard then to the standard deviation given, it is evidenced that there is a considerable difference of the samples considered. Different sample numbers and variation of age among the considered students may have occasioned this. Comparing the two calculated statistics with the population statistics clearly shows inaccuracy, the mean deviation of the samples from that of the population is enormous and this shows that sampling was skewed to a section of the population thus the true value could not be reached. This can also be observed with the values of the standard deviation that shows consistent abnormal variation questioning the sampling technique. Referring to the statistics from the samples against that of the population, they do not reflect values t hat are consistent to the central tendency. Central tendency tends to show us where the majority of the data belongs to by use of mode, median or mean (Gravetter and Wallnau 156). Indeed the only way of getting correct statistical results from a data is to consider as much samples as possible against the possible number of population, this will ensure that a larger percentage of the population are considered with possible inclusion of all the extremities, smaller and larger ones narrowing the space for biasness (Gravetter and Wallnau 162). The use of two classes alone or Susan’s class would have considered a group with skewed values distorting the

Civil Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil Justice - Essay Example What is noted in this research is that normal, everyday people who would normally not associate themselves in any criminal actions feel impacted by their sociological and environmental situations (such as the hurricane) to go ahead and commit crime. The behavior of these actions is solely based on personal choice or we could say a rational type of theory of crime. This paper explores many reasons into the behaviors of crime as well as a little of the biological issues. It also offers up some of the criminal actions that are considered to be of a more detrimental nature to society as a whole. Any type of criminal behavior poses a threat to society but there are specific criminal actions that would seem to pose more of a higher percentage of concern. One of the scariest and deadly has to do with those who would stalk their unsuspecting victims. Although the definition of stalking varies from state to state the most common perception of this activity is of someone being involved with actions that almost certainly place an individual in a state of fear for their life (Using: National Center for Victims of Crime 1995). This form of crime has only just recently received the distinct classification of separation from other associative acts classified in the area of domestic violence. The reasons for this are difficult to pinpoint but the main assumption is due to the fact that the need to focus more fully on combating and minimizing it is the main cause of the legal changes stemming from its occurrences. This specific crime is difficult to find an estimate for simply because i t is not reported by law enforcement like other crimes are. However, an approximated figure could be guessed to be around 1 in every 20 women in America will at some point become a victim of a stalker. Since Congress passed the 1994 Crime Bill, better statistics are now available to correctly calculate and determine how prevalent this type of violent criminal activity has become (Using: National Center for Victims of Crime 1995). Sociological Factors of Stalking Also, there are various phases of stalking and different reasons for the act of this crime taking place. It could be relative from an obsession over someone or it could be a simple obsession where an actual romantic relationship did in fact take place. In this category there are defining characteristics that lead up and actually provide a more concise interpretation of the stalking activity. These character traits are as follows: Socially maladjusted and inept Emotionally immature Often subject to feelings of powerlessness Unable to succeed in relationships by socially acceptable means Jealous bordering on paranoid Extremely insecure about themselves and suffering from low self-esteem (Using: National Center for Victims of Crime 1995). These are all typical characteristics and all of which can lead the possible offender into perpetrating violent tendencies towards the person of their obsession and stalking. Quite possibly it is these types of stalking cases, which stem from domestic violence situations, which have been found to be the most lethal type of stalking activities. In fact, these cases have a 75% higher risk of the victim being murdered by the stalker than in other